The Swedish Schools

The Swedish Rivals of the Turn of the Century

• Knut Wicksell, 1851-1926.

• Gustav Cassel, 1866-1945.

• David Davidson, 1854-1942.

• Eli F. Heckscher, 1879-1952.

The Stockholm School

• Gustav Åkerman, 1888-1959.

• Erik R. Lindahl, 1891-1960.

• Gunnar Myrdal, 1898-1987.

• Bertil G. Ohlin, 1899-1979.

• Erik F.Lundberg, 1907-1987.

• Dag Hammarskjold, 1905-1961. - (1)
  • "Utkast till en algebraisk metod for dynamisk prisanalys", 1933, Ekonomisk Tidskrift.
  • Spread of Business Cycles, 1933.
  • Myrdal's student. Later Secretary-General of the United Nations organization.

• Alf H. Johansson, 1901-
  • Wage Development and Unemployment, 1934.
  • Student of Heckscher who joined the Wicksellian ranks.

• Ingvar S. Svennilson, 1909-
  • Ekonomisk Planering, 1938.
  • Perhaps the last member of the "Stockholm School" proper.

• Bent Hansen, 1920-
  • A Study in the Theory of Inflation, 1951.
  • Economic Theory of Fiscal Policy, 1955.
  • "Excess Demand, Unemployment, Vancancies and Wages", 1970, QJE.
  • A Survey of General Equilibrium Theory, 1971.
  • Danish economist who brought aspects of the Stockholm School into the modern era. His remarkable inflation theory (1951) is reminiscent of that earlier effort and precedes the "disequilibrium" approach of the Walrasian-Keynesian synthesis.

Other Prominent Scandinavian Economists

• Johan Henryk Åkerman, 1896-1982.

• Gösta A. Bagge, 1882-1951.
  • The Regulation of Wages by Unions, 1917.
  • A student of Cassel's whose dissertation on an equilibrium approach to labor bargaining was distinct. Although he interacted with many of the members of the "Stockholm School", where he was a professor and the head of a research institute (he was the conductor of the 1936 Wages in Sweden study with Lundberg and Svennilson), they nonetheless repudiated him. He eventually left academia for political life - becoming the leader of the Swedish Conservative Party in the 1930s.

• Laurits Vilhelm Birck, 1871-1933.
  • The Theory of Marginal Value, 1918.
  • Danish Walrasian economist whose "simultaneous successive" approach attempted to cast G.E. into a time framework that highly influenced his student, F. Zeuthen.

• Frederik Zeuthen, 1888-1959.

• Ragnar A.K. Frisch, 1895-1973.

• Herman Wold, 1908-

• Trygve Haavelmo, 1911-

• Leif Johansen, 1908-

• Assar Lindbeck

Resources on Swedish Economics

• HET Pages: Monetary Theory: the Cumulative Process, the Wicksellian Challenge to Keynes, Sequence Economies, Disequilibrium Macroeconomics,  the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
• Stockholm School at Britannica.com
• "Pioneering Price Level Targeting:The Swedish Experience 1931-1937" by Claes Berg and Lars Jonung, 1998
• History of Economics at Uppsala
• History of Economics at Lund
• Ekonomisk Debatt